記述統計:平均は合計を n で割ったもの、中央値は並べ替えたデータの真ん中の値です(n が偶数なら真ん中 2 つの平均)。標本標準偏差は s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z スコア z = (x − μ)/σ は、値が平均から標準偏差何個分離れているかを表します。
標準化する
z = 1.25
標準正規分布表
Φ(1.25) = 0.8944
P = 0.8944
答え
P = 0.8944
5.信頼区間
答え: E₂ = 7.344
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
誤差の幅の比
E₂/E₁ = (1.645/2.576)·√(64/64) = 0.6386
新しい誤差の幅
E₂ = 11.5·0.6386 = 7.344
答え
E₂ = 7.344
6.信頼区間
答え: n = 1037
Confidence interval for a proportion: p̂ ± z·√(p̂(1 − p̂)/n), where p̂ = x/n. To reach a margin E you need n ≥ z²·p(1 − p)/E², rounded up; without a prior estimate use p = 0.5, which gives the largest n.
n について解く
n = 2.576²·0.5·0.5/0.04² = 1037
切り上げる
n = 1037
答え
n = 1037
7.仮説検定と信頼区間
答え: t = 3.299
Testing a mean: the test statistic measures how many standard errors the sample mean lies from the value claimed in H₀: z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n) when σ is known, t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n) when it is estimated from the sample. A confidence interval is x̄ ± (critical value)·(standard error).