記述統計:平均は合計を n で割ったもの、中央値は並べ替えたデータの真ん中の値です(n が偶数なら真ん中 2 つの平均)。標本標準偏差は s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z スコア z = (x − μ)/σ は、値が平均から標準偏差何個分離れているかを表します。
標準化する
z = (182 − 170)/8 = 1.5
答え
z = 1.5
5.信頼区間
答え: 下限 = 3.517 mmHg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
臨界値
df = 11, t = 2.201
誤差の幅
E = 2.201·8/√12 = 5.083
区間
8.6 ± 5.083 → [3.517, 13.68]
答え
下限 = 3.517 mmHg
6.信頼区間
答え: E = 5.666 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
プールした標準偏差
sp² = (5·8.5² + 9·4.5²)/14 = 38.82
sp = 6.231
誤差の幅
E = 1.761·6.231·√(1/6 + 1/10) = 5.666
答え
E = 5.666 kg
7.仮説検定と信頼区間
答え: z = 1.481
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.