A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?
AChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline
BAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
CNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
DA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
Using ESI, a stable adult with abdominal pain will need blood tests and a CT scan, but has a heart rate of 130/min. Which statement is correct?
AThe patient is level 5 because the pain is not severe
BThe patient is level 4 because the blood tests and the scan count as one resource
CThe nurse should consider level 2 because of the danger-zone vital sign
DVital signs never change the ESI level
3溶液
1.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: D · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
これが答えになる理由
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate is a marker of tissue hypoperfusion and severity in sepsis and shock. Repeated measurements show whether treatment is working.
答え
D · It suggests tissues are short of oxygen and using anaerobic metabolism
2.内科外科看護:循環器と呼吸器
答え: A · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
これが答えになる理由
Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide can all cause hepatotoxicity. Jaundice, dark urine and nausea suggest drug-induced hepatitis, so the drugs are stopped and liver function is checked urgently. Orange urine from rifampicin does not cause yellow eyes. Alcohol increases the risk.
答え
A · Withhold the next doses and report urgently for liver tests
3.内科外科看護:神経、内分泌、腎臓
答え: A · Cloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein
これが答えになる理由
Bacterial meningitis usually gives turbid CSF with raised neutrophils and protein and low glucose. Viral meningitis typically shows clear fluid with lymphocytes and normal glucose.
答え
A · Cloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein
答え: A · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
これが答えになる理由
Warfarin is usually stopped about 5 days before such surgery, and the INR is checked beforehand. Patients at high clotting risk may be given bridging therapy with a heparin, as planned by the team.
答え
A · Stop it about 5 days before and check the INR
6.内科外科看護:消化器、周術期、がん
答え: C · Itching with bananas, avocado and kiwi, and many operations
これが答えになる理由
Latex–fruit syndrome links latex allergy with foods such as banana, avocado, kiwi and chestnut. Repeated exposure, for example through many operations or catheters, also increases risk.
答え
C · Itching with bananas, avocado and kiwi, and many operations
7.臨床看護学
答え: C · Smoking
これが答えになる理由
Smoking causes vasoconstriction and reduces tissue oxygen, slowing healing and increasing infection risk. Poor nutrition, diabetes, infection and steroids also impair healing.
答え
C · Smoking
8.臨床看護学
答え: C · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
これが答えになる理由
Observational tools such as PAINAD or the Abbey Pain Scale help assess pain in people who cannot self-report. Family and carers can describe changes in usual behaviour.
答え
C · With an observational pain tool that scores facial expression, behaviour and body language
答え: B · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
これが答えになる理由
KDIGO defines AKI as a creatinine rise of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) within 48 hours, a rise to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours. A result inside the reference range can still be a significant rise.
答え
B · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
答え: C · The nurse should consider level 2 because of the danger-zone vital sign
これが答えになる理由
In ESI, a patient who needs two or more resources is level 3, but danger-zone vital signs such as a very fast heart rate should make the nurse consider level 2.
答え
C · The nurse should consider level 2 because of the danger-zone vital sign