Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
内積
a·b = 0·0 + 1·1 + 6·(−6) = −35
大きさ
|a| = √(0² + 1² + 6²) = 6.083
|b| = √(0² + 1² + (−6)²) = 6.083
位相角
cos θ = −35/(6.083·6.083) = −0.9459
θ = arccos(−0.9459) = 161.1°
答え
θ = 161.1°
2.ベクトル:内積と外積
答え: Mx = 60 N·m
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
O から A への位置ベクトル
r = A − O = (4, 1, −1) − (−2, 2, −3) = (6, −1, 2) m
MA = 0, MB = 18.33 kN·m, MC = 16.67, MD = 15, ME = 13.33, MF = 11.67, MG = 0
答え
点 B: MB = 18.33 kN·m
10.せん断力と曲げモーメント
答え: Mmax = 82 kN·m
断面法:内力を求めたい位置ではりを切断し、片側を残します。せん断力 V はその側の鉛直力と、曲げモーメント M はそれらの切断面まわりのモーメントとつり合います。 最大曲げモーメント:dM/dx = V なので、曲げモーメントはせん断力が 0 を通過する位置、つまり集中荷重の位置か分布荷重の区間内で最大になります。