Lembaran kerja Kejururawatan klinikal dengan jawapan

What is the usual normal range for serum sodium in adults (in mmol/L, numerically equal to mEq/L)?

1. A135–145 mmol/L
2. B95–105 mmol/L
3. C3.5–5.0 mmol/L
4. D2.2–2.6 mmol/L

A patient's care plan says "nil by mouth". What does this mean?

1. AFood is allowed, but drinks must be stopped until the next day
2. BOnly clear fluids such as water and black tea are allowed
3. CThe patient may eat if they feel hungry
4. DNo food or drink by mouth unless specific exceptions are prescribed

Tanda manakah yang tipikal bagi kegagalan jantung sebelah kiri?

1. APengeluaran air kencing bertambah
2. BKulit dan putih mata menguning
3. CSesak nafas, terutamanya apabila berbaring mendatar
4. DSakit di perut bawah kanan

A spontaneously breathing patient is critically ill and hypoxic. Which oxygen delivery gives the highest concentration?

1. ASimple face mask at 5 L/min with the patient sitting up
2. BVenturi mask set to 24%
3. CNon-rebreathe mask with reservoir bag at 15 L/min
4. DNasal cannula at 2 L/min

Which side effect of regular opioids usually needs preventive treatment from the start?

1. ADiarrhoea
2. BHigh blood pressure
3. CConstipation
4. DExcessive hunger

Which oxygen device delivers a precise, fixed concentration of oxygen?

1. ANon-rebreathe mask
2. BSimple face mask
3. CNasal cannula
4. DVenturi mask

Why is morphine more likely to cause toxicity in a patient with severe kidney impairment?

1. AKidney failure makes the stomach absorb more morphine
2. BKidney disease makes the opioid receptors disappear
3. CThe kidneys normally activate morphine, so more of it becomes active
4. DIts active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them

A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?

1. AIntrinsic kidney injury from glomerulonephritis, treated with high-dose steroids
2. BPost-renal acute kidney injury from obstruction, treated with a catheter
3. CPre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
4. DChronic kidney disease, treated with long-term dialysis three times a week