Lembaran kerja Nilai makmal & elektrolit dengan jawapan

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

1. APlasma is the fluid left after blood clots, without fibrinogen
2. BSerum contains all the red cells, while plasma contains none
3. CSerum and plasma are two names for exactly the same fluid
4. DSerum is what is left after blood clots, minus clotting factors

Apakah yang diukur oleh paras "puncak" (peak) sesuatu ubat?

1. AKepekatan darah terendah sebelum dos seterusnya
2. BKepekatan darah tertinggi selepas dos
3. CParas di mana ubat menjadi toksik
4. DParas purata sepanjang seminggu

Which laboratory test is used to monitor warfarin therapy?

1. APlatelet count
2. BPT with INR
3. CaPTT
4. DD-dimer

Mengapakah kalsium keseluruhan yang rendah mesti ditafsir dengan berhati-hati pada pesakit dengan albumin serum yang rendah?

1. AAlbumin rendah sentiasa menyebabkan hipokalsemia sebenar yang bergejala
2. BAlbumin rendah menjadikan setiap ujian kalsium tidak tepat dan tidak berguna
3. CAlbumin dan kalsium diukur dengan tindak balas kimia yang sama, maka ia sentiasa menurun bersama
4. DBanyak kalsium terikat pada albumin, maka kalsium keseluruhan menurun walaupun kalsium terion normal

Why must a blue-top (citrate) coagulation tube be filled to the correct level?

1. AUnderfilled tubes always give a falsely low hemoglobin and hematocrit
2. BThe blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
3. CThe laboratory charges extra when a tube is not filled correctly
4. DAn overfull tube is needed to measure the potassium level

A patient on warfarin has an INR of 7.8 and a nosebleed. Which medication would the nurse expect the provider to prescribe?

1. ANaloxone hydrochloride
2. BAcetylcysteine
3. CProtamine sulfate
4. DVitamin K (phytonadione)

A frail older adult in a nursing home has been drinking very little during a heat wave. She is confused, and her sodium is 158 mEq/L. Which treatment would the nurse expect?

1. ARapid infusion of 3% saline to raise the volume
2. BA loop diuretic to remove the extra sodium quickly
3. CStrict fluid restriction to below 800 mL a day
4. DGradual replacement of free water over many hours

A patient on high-dose dexamethasone has a white cell count of 15 × 10³/µL, mostly mature neutrophils with no bands. They have no fever and no signs of infection. What is the most likely explanation?

1. AA steroid effect that moves neutrophils into the circulating blood
2. BA new leukemia that is confirmed by this result alone
3. CCertain sepsis that needs antibiotics started without delay
4. DA laboratory error, because steroids always lower the white count