Lembaran kerja Nilai makmal & elektrolit dengan jawapan

What is a typical adult reference range for serum bicarbonate (total CO₂) on a metabolic panel?

1. AAbout 35–45 mEq/L
2. BAbout 22–28 mEq/L
3. CAbout 8–12 mEq/L
4. DAbout 98–106 mEq/L

What does the term pancytopenia mean?

1. AHigh white cells with low platelets
2. BHigh red cells, white cells and platelets
3. CLow red cells, white cells and platelets
4. DLow red cells with normal platelets

A raised neutrophil count (neutrophilia) is most typical of:

1. AAcute bacterial infection
2. BVitamin B₁₂ deficiency
3. CHay fever and asthma
4. DA mild viral cold

A patient with central diabetes insipidus starts desmopressin. Which laboratory result is most important to monitor for an adverse effect?

1. ASerum calcium, which may rise too high
2. BSerum glucose, which may rise very high
3. CSerum sodium, which may fall too low
4. DSerum potassium, which may rise too high

Mengapakah kalsium keseluruhan yang rendah mesti ditafsir dengan berhati-hati pada pesakit dengan albumin serum yang rendah?

1. AAlbumin rendah sentiasa menyebabkan hipokalsemia sebenar yang bergejala
2. BBanyak kalsium terikat pada albumin, maka kalsium keseluruhan menurun walaupun kalsium terion normal
3. CAlbumin rendah menjadikan setiap ujian kalsium tidak tepat dan tidak berguna
4. DAlbumin dan kalsium diukur dengan tindak balas kimia yang sama, maka ia sentiasa menurun bersama

A patient on a heparin infusion has blood in the urine and an aPTT far above the target. The nurse stops the infusion and informs the provider. Which antidote should the nurse anticipate?

1. ANaloxone
2. BProtamine sulfate
3. CVitamin K (phytonadione)
4. DCalcium gluconate

A patient in DKA is receiving IV fluids and insulin. The glucose has fallen to about 220 mg/dL (12.2 mmol/L), but the anion gap is still high. What change would the nurse expect?

1. AStop the insulin infusion because the glucose is near normal
2. BStop the IV fluids and start oral fluids only
3. CAdd dextrose to the IV fluids and continue the insulin
4. DGive an IV bolus of sodium bicarbonate at once

A trauma patient receives many units of blood quickly and then develops muscle twitching and low blood pressure. Which laboratory value is most likely to explain this?

1. AA low serum glucose
2. BA low ionized calcium
3. CA high serum sodium
4. DA high serum magnesium