Lembaran kerja Nilai makmal & elektrolit dengan jawapan

Apakah julat rujukan dewasa yang lazim bagi kalsium serum keseluruhan?

1. AKira-kira 8.5–10.5 mg/dL (2.1–2.6 mmol/L)
2. BKira-kira 1.3–2.1 mg/dL (0.3–0.5 mmol/L)
3. CKira-kira 12–16 mg/dL (3.0–4.0 mmol/L)
4. DKira-kira 3.5–5.0 mg/dL (0.87–1.25 mmol/L)

Where is urea, measured as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), made?

1. AIn the liver, from the breakdown of protein
2. BIn the muscles, from the breakdown of creatine
3. CIn the kidneys, from the breakdown of glucose
4. DIn the bone marrow, from old red blood cells

Which substance contributes most to normal serum osmolality?

1. APlasma albumin
2. BUrea (from BUN)
3. CSodium and its anions
4. DGlucose in plasma

An older adult takes lisinopril and furosemide and recently started daily ibuprofen for knee pain. The creatinine has risen from 1.0 to 1.8 mg/dL (88 to 159 µmol/L). What is the most likely cause?

1. AThe NSAID reduces kidney blood flow on top of the other two drugs
2. BA laboratory error, since ibuprofen has no effect on the kidney
3. CMore activity has increased the patient's muscle mass quickly
4. DNormal aging of the kidneys over a period of a few weeks

A patient with HIV on antiretroviral therapy has an undetectable viral load. What does this mean?

1. AThe treatment is suppressing the virus very well
2. BThe virus has been completely cured and removed
3. CThe CD4 count must now be dangerously low too
4. DThe treatment can now be stopped without any risk

Mengapakah pesakit dengan kegagalan hati boleh mempunyai INR yang meningkat tanpa mengambil warfarin?

1. AHati menghasilkan kebanyakan faktor pembekuan, maka pengeluarannya menurun
2. BBuah pinggang berhenti menyingkirkan faktor pembekuan daripada darah
3. CBilirubin memusnahkan faktor pembekuan secara langsung
4. DAlbumin ialah faktor pembekuan, dan parasnya menurun

A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?

1. ALow cortisol with a low ACTH
2. BLow cortisol with a high ACTH
3. CHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
4. DHigh cortisol with a high ACTH

Seorang pesakit yang mengambil digoksin mempunyai paras 1.2 ng/mL, kalium 2.8 mEq/L dan denyutan ektopik ventrikel kerap yang baharu. Apakah tafsiran yang terbaik?

1. ADigoksin tidak mungkin puncanya, kerana paras berada dalam julat lazim
2. BKalium tidak mempunyai kesan pada irama jantung
3. CKetoksikan mungkin berlaku, kerana kalium rendah meningkatkan kesan digoksin
4. DPesakit memerlukan dos digoksin yang lebih tinggi untuk mengawal irama