Lembaran kerja Nilai makmal & elektrolit dengan jawapan

Apakah julat rujukan lazim bagi osmolaliti serum?

1. AKira-kira 275–295 mOsm/kg
2. BKira-kira 50–100 mOsm/kg
3. CKira-kira 135–145 mOsm/kg
4. DKira-kira 400–500 mOsm/kg

Uric acid in the blood is a breakdown product of:

1. APurines
2. BGlucose
3. CHemoglobin
4. DFats

Serum amylase is less specific than lipase for pancreatitis because amylase also comes from:

1. AThe salivary glands
2. BThe bone marrow
3. CThe heart muscle
4. DThe thyroid gland

A patient taking empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) has glucose in the urine but a normal blood glucose. What is the best interpretation?

1. AUncontrolled diabetes needing insulin
2. BA sign of kidney failure
3. CA urinary tract infection
4. DAn expected effect of the drug

Which change in clotting tests is normal in late pregnancy?

1. APlatelets rise above 600 × 10³/µL
2. BFibrinogen and D-dimer rise
3. CINR rises to about 3.0
4. DaPTT doubles from baseline

Seorang pesakit mempunyai kiraan platelet 18 × 10³/µL. Langkah kejururawatan manakah yang sesuai?

1. ABeri aspirin yang ditetapkan apabila pesakit sakit kepala
2. BGalakkan memberus gigi dengan benang dua kali sehari dan bercukur dengan bilah pencukur yang tajam
3. CBerus gigi lembut, pencukur elektrik dan tiada suntikan intramuskular
4. DAmbil suhu melalui rektum setiap empat jam untuk ketepatan

A patient on warfarin with an INR of 3.6 fell and hit their head an hour ago. They now report a worsening headache and drowsiness. What is the priority?

1. AGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) and recheck the INR tomorrow
2. BReport urgently for imaging and possible reversal
3. CHold warfarin for one dose and observe at home
4. DEncourage rest in a dark room to settle the pain

A patient with kidney stones and fatigue has a calcium of 11.6 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), a high parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a low phosphate. Which condition is most likely?

1. APrimary hyperparathyroidism
2. BCancer-related hypercalcemia
3. CVitamin D deficiency
4. DHypoparathyroidism