Lembaran kerja Perubatan-pembedahan: GI, perioperatif & onkologi dengan jawapan

What is the basic idea of the WHO analgesic ladder?

1. AStep up from non-opioids to weak, then strong, opioids as needed
2. BAlways start with the strongest opioid available and then reduce it slowly
3. CUse only one drug at a time, never in combination
4. DGive analgesia only when the patient asks for it

Apakah itu pemulihan dipertingkat selepas pembedahan (ERAS)?

1. APeraturan bahawa pesakit mesti kekal di katil selama tiga hari
2. BTeknik pembedahan yang mengelakkan keperluan untuk sebarang anestesia
3. CLaluan penjagaan yang membantu pesakit pulih lebih cepat selepas pembedahan
4. DKaedah memberikan semua ubat melalui vena

Which symptom in an adult over 50 is a red flag for colorectal cancer?

1. AOne episode of loose stools after a takeaway meal
2. BA lasting change in bowel habit with rectal bleeding
3. COccasional wind and rumbling after eating a meal of beans
4. DMild bloating before a period

Why is pethidine (meperidine) generally avoided for regular pain relief?

1. AA metabolite can build up and cause seizures
2. BIt always causes severe diarrhoea
3. CIt can only be given by mouth
4. DIt has no pain-relieving effect at all in adults

Which finding means a patient is usually ready to leave recovery for the ward?

1. ASystolic BP falling steadily over the last hour, with a rising pulse rate
2. BAwake, with a clear airway, stable observations and controlled pain
3. CStill drowsy and needing a jaw thrust to breathe
4. DPain score 9/10 and vomiting repeatedly

Which early symptoms suggest local anaesthetic systemic toxicity?

1. AIncreased hunger and thirst over several hours, with a dry mouth
2. BMild itching of the feet the next day
3. CA red rash only at the injection site, with no other symptoms
4. DTingling around the mouth, a metallic taste and tinnitus

A patient on warfarin has a major upper GI bleed with an INR of 5. Which treatment should the nurse anticipate to reverse the warfarin?

1. AOral aspirin to balance the clotting system quickly
2. BProthrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
3. CMore warfarin to stabilise the INR
4. DProtamine sulfate on its own

A dying patient has noisy, rattling breathing. The patient seems unaware, but the family is distressed. What is the best nursing approach?

1. AAsk the family to leave the room
2. BGive large volumes of IV fluid to loosen and thin the secretions
3. CPerform deep suction every hour
4. DReposition, explain the cause and give prescribed drugs if needed