Lembaran kerja Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renal dengan jawapan

How should a patient collect a midstream urine sample?

1. ACollect urine over 24 hours into one bottle
2. BLet the first part go in the toilet, then catch the middle
3. CCollect urine from the toilet bowl afterwards
4. DCollect the very first drops into the container

Which side effect of metformin is most common?

1. ANausea and diarrhoea
2. BGum overgrowth and a rash
3. CA dry cough at night
4. DWeight gain and oedema

Bagaimanakah jururawat memeriksa bahawa fistula arteriovena untuk hemodialisis berfungsi?

1. AMerasa getaran (thrill) dan mendengar bising (bruit)
2. BMengukur tekanan darah pada lengan fistula
3. CMencari kemerahan di tapak fistula
4. DMemeriksa nadi radial pada lengan yang satu lagi

Which statement about giving IV potassium is correct?

1. AIt needs no monitoring at all once the infusion is running
2. BIt is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
3. CIt is safest given through a small vein in the hand at a fast rate
4. DIt can be given quickly as a push to correct the level fast

Why might a patient bleed more from the needle sites straight after haemodialysis?

1. ADialysis removes all the platelets from the blood
2. BHeparin is often used to stop the circuit from clotting
3. CDialysis raises the blood pressure sharply for several hours
4. DThe fistula has been damaged and must be tied off

A patient with myasthenia gravis wants to plan a busy day. Which advice fits the disease?

1. AExercise to exhaustion so the muscles get stronger quickly
2. BDo the hardest tasks in the evening when muscles are warmed up
3. CDo demanding tasks in the morning or when the drug works best
4. DAvoid rest periods, because rest makes the weakness worse

Seorang lelaki warga emas tidak membuang air kecil selama 10 jam, mengalami sakit abdomen bawah dan imbasan pundi kencing 1100 mL. Kreatinin telah meningkat. Apakah punca dan tindakan yang paling mungkin?

1. ARetensi urin; memasang kateter seperti yang dipreskripsikan dan memerhatikan diuresis besar
2. BNefropati kontras; mengatur hemodialisis kecemasan hari ini
3. CDehidrasi; memberikan bolus cecair dan menyemak semula kreatinin esok
4. DDiabetes insipidus; memberikan desmopresin dan menyekat cecair

Seorang pesakit yang disyaki strok tiba dua jam selepas permulaan. Glukosa kapilari ialah 2.4 mmol/L (43 mg/dL). Apakah yang patut berlaku seterusnya?

1. AMemberikan trombolisis serta-merta tanpa semakan selanjutnya
2. BMemberikan insulin IV untuk melindungi sel otak
3. CMengabaikan glukosa, kerana ia tidak relevan dengan penilaian strok
4. DMerawat glukosa rendah dan menilai semula tanda neurologi