Lembaran kerja Perubatan-pembedahan: neurologi, endokrin & renal dengan jawapan

How should a patient collect a midstream urine sample?

1. ALet the first part go in the toilet, then catch the middle
2. BCollect the very first drops into the container
3. CCollect urine from the toilet bowl afterwards
4. DCollect urine over 24 hours into one bottle

Which feature best distinguishes delirium from dementia?

1. AA sudden onset with attention that comes and goes
2. BMemory problems in a person over the age of 75
3. CDifficulty finding the right words
4. DGetting lost in places that were familiar

Which ECG change is typical of hyperkalaemia?

1. ATall, peaked T waves
2. BA shortened PR interval
3. CProminent U waves
4. DFlattened T waves

Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?

1. ABeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
2. BBeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
3. CBeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
4. DBeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen

Mengapakah metformin biasanya ditahan semasa kecederaan buah pinggang akut atau sekitar kontras beriodin pada pesakit berisiko?

1. AIa menyebabkan hipoglisemia teruk apabila diberikan bersama kontras
2. BIa menyekat kontras supaya imbasan tidak dapat dibaca
3. CIa menyebabkan hiperkalemia apabila buah pinggang cedera
4. DIa boleh terkumpul dan meningkatkan risiko asidosis laktik

Apakah pencetus paling lazim disrefleksia autonomi pada pesakit dengan kecederaan saraf tunjang?

1. ATempoh tidur yang panjang
2. BHidangan besar yang dimakan terlalu cepat pada waktu malam
3. CPundi kencing penuh atau kateter tersumbat
4. DAras glukosa darah yang rendah

A patient with type 1 diabetes has a seizure on the ward. Their capillary glucose is 1.9 mmol/L (34 mg/dL). They cannot swallow. What is the most appropriate treatment?

1. AIV glucose or IM glucagon, then recheck the glucose
2. BGlucose gel squeezed into the mouth during the seizure
3. CAn antiepileptic drug only, because seizures need seizure treatment
4. DA rapid-acting insulin dose to stabilise the glucose

A patient with polycystic kidney disease suddenly has the worst headache of their life and neck stiffness. What should the nurse suspect?

1. APain spreading upwards from a kidney cyst
2. BA subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm
3. CA urinary infection that has spread
4. DA migraine linked to high blood pressure