Lembaran kerja Farmakologi dengan jawapan

On the WHO analgesic ladder, which drugs form the first step?

1. AWeak opioids such as codeine or tramadol, used on their own
2. BStrong opioids such as morphine given intravenously
3. CNon-opioids such as paracetamol and NSAIDs
4. DLocal anaesthetic nerve blocks for all patients

Dobutamine is mainly used to:

1. AIncrease heart contractility in cardiogenic shock or acute heart failure
2. BDissolve clots in the coronary arteries
3. CSlow the heart rate in fast atrial fibrillation with low blood pressure
4. DTreat high blood pressure at home

In the United States, what is a "boxed warning" (black box warning) on a drug label?

1. AA note that the drug is available without prescription
2. BA sign that the drug must be stored in a dark box
3. CThe strongest FDA warning about a serious or life-threatening risk
4. DA label showing that the drug is a controlled substance with abuse potential

Pecahan ubat dalam plasma yang manakah boleh sampai ke reseptor dan menghasilkan kesan?

1. APecahan tidak terikat (bebas)
2. BPecahan terikat pada globulin
3. CPecahan tersimpan dalam sel darah merah
4. DPecahan terikat pada albumin

A patient takes theophylline for COPD. Which advice is most important?

1. ALimit coffee, tea and cola, because caffeine adds to the side effects
2. BDrink plenty of grapefruit juice each morning to improve absorption
3. CTake extra doses when short of breath
4. DAvoid potassium-rich foods such as bananas

Which side effects are most common when starting gabapentin?

1. AHair loss and weight loss
2. BInsomnia and agitation
3. CCough and runny nose
4. DDrowsiness and dizziness

A patient receiving frequent salbutamol (albuterol) nebulisers develops a fine tremor and a heart rate of 120 per minute. What is the best explanation?

1. AAt high doses it also stimulates beta receptors in skeletal muscle and the heart
2. BSalbutamol blocks muscarinic receptors in the heart
3. CThe patient is allergic to salbutamol and needs adrenaline
4. DSalbutamol causes high potassium, which speeds the heart and causes muscle twitching

A patient took a large paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose 6 hours ago and feels well. Why is treatment still urgent?

1. AThe drug will cause kidney stones within a few hours
2. BThe patient is at risk of immediate respiratory arrest
3. CLiver damage appears 1–3 days later, and early treatment works best
4. DParacetamol overdose only causes harm if symptoms start in the first hour