Cevaplı Dahili-cerrahi: sindirim sistemi, perioperatif ve onkoloji çalışma kâğıdı

What is the basic idea of the WHO analgesic ladder?

1. AGive analgesia only when the patient asks for it
2. BAlways start with the strongest opioid available and then reduce it slowly
3. CStep up from non-opioids to weak, then strong, opioids as needed
4. DUse only one drug at a time, never in combination

What is lymphoedema?

1. AFluid in the lungs from heart failure
2. BSwelling from a broken bone in the arm
3. CInflammation of the lymph nodes in the neck and armpits from a virus
4. DSwelling from poor lymph drainage, for example after node removal

Which diet is usually advised to help prevent symptoms of diverticular disease?

1. AA diet based mainly on red meat
2. BA low-fibre diet with very little fluid
3. CA diet with no fruit or vegetables
4. DA high-fibre diet with plenty of fluids

Which early symptoms suggest local anaesthetic systemic toxicity?

1. AA red rash only at the injection site, with no other symptoms
2. BMild itching of the feet the next day
3. CTingling around the mouth, a metallic taste and tinnitus
4. DIncreased hunger and thirst over several hours, with a dry mouth

A patient with a new colostomy asks what to eat at home. Which advice is most appropriate?

1. ADrink as little fluid as possible to reduce output
2. BAvoid all fruit and vegetables for the rest of their life
3. CEat only liquids until the stoma is removed
4. DEat a normal, balanced diet and introduce foods gradually

Sirozda sodyum kısıtlamasının ve spironolaktonun rolü nedir?

1. AKan amonyağını düşürmek ve ensefalopatiyi tedavi etmek
2. BKan basıncını yükseltmek ve böbrek kan akımını iyileştirmek
3. CPotasyum kaybını artırmak ve hiperkalemiyi önlemek
4. DSodyum ve su retansiyonunu azaltmak ve asiti kontrol etmek

A patient with a permanent pacemaker is booked for surgery using monopolar diathermy. Why must the team know?

1. APacemakers stop all bleeding during surgery
2. BThe pacemaker will always be removed during surgery
3. CThe patient cannot have any anaesthetic at all
4. DDiathermy can interfere with the pacemaker's function

On the ward after surgery, a patient has a red, blistered area of skin under where the diathermy plate was. What should the nurse do?

1. ATreat it as a possible burn, report it and complete an incident form
2. BApply a hot water bottle to improve the circulation
3. CWash it with alcohol and leave it uncovered
4. DIgnore it because skin changes after surgery are normal and expected to fade