Робочий аркуш «Фармакологія» з відповідями

Why is adrenaline (epinephrine) sometimes added to a local anaesthetic injection?

1. AIt prevents allergic reactions to the anaesthetic
2. BIt constricts vessels, so the block lasts longer and less enters the blood
3. CIt makes the anaesthetic act on the brain as well
4. DIt speeds up the removal of the anaesthetic from the tissue into the blood

Which antibiotic group shares the beta-lactam ring with penicillins?

1. ATetracyclines
2. BCephalosporins
3. CMacrolides
4. DAminoglycosides

Why is folinic acid (leucovorin) given after high-dose methotrexate?

1. ATo treat an allergic reaction to methotrexate
2. BTo protect normal cells from methotrexate toxicity
3. CTo make methotrexate act faster on the tumour
4. DTo prevent nausea and vomiting after the methotrexate

A patient takes low-dose weekly methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Which monitoring is needed?

1. AMonthly hearing tests
2. BRegular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
3. CDaily blood glucose checks
4. DWeekly INR checks and a monthly ECG to check the heart rhythm

How can the absorption of oral iron be improved?

1. ATake it with a cup of strong tea
2. BTake it at the same time as an antacid to protect the stomach
3. CTake it with a glass of milk
4. DTake it with vitamin C, such as orange juice, on an empty stomach

During a rapid infusion of vancomycin, a patient develops flushing and a red rash on the face, neck and upper body. What is the most likely cause and action?

1. AAn infusion reaction; stop or slow the infusion and inform the prescriber
2. BAcute kidney failure; stop all IV fluids and antibiotics at once
3. CA sign that the infection is spreading; give a second dose
4. DA normal effect; increase the infusion rate to finish sooner

An older patient with coronary artery disease is starting levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. Why is a low starting dose used?

1. ALevothyroxine causes severe hypoglycaemia in older patients
2. BHigh starting doses cause permanent hypothyroidism
3. COlder patients absorb levothyroxine much better, so small doses are all they need
4. DFast replacement raises cardiac oxygen demand and can cause angina

Який протиепілептичний препарат має найвищий відомий ризик дефектів нервової трубки та порушень розвитку при прийомі під час вагітності?

1. AЛеветирацетам
2. BВальпроат натрію
3. CГабапентин
4. DЛамотриджин