描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (210 − 170)/20 = 2
答案
z = 2
5.置信区间
答案: E = 6.585 mmHg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
临界值
df = 6, t = 3.707
误差范围
E = 3.707·4.7/√7 = 6.585
答案
E = 6.585 mmHg
6.置信区间
答案: n = 897
Confidence interval for a proportion: p̂ ± z·√(p̂(1 − p̂)/n), where p̂ = x/n. To reach a margin E you need n ≥ z²·p(1 − p)/E², rounded up; without a prior estimate use p = 0.5, which gives the largest n.
解出 n
n = 1.96²·0.7·0.3/0.03² = 896.4
向上取整
n = 897
答案
n = 897
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 2.898
Testing a mean: the test statistic measures how many standard errors the sample mean lies from the value claimed in H₀: z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n) when σ is known, t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n) when it is estimated from the sample. A confidence interval is x̄ ± (critical value)·(standard error).
平均差值的标准误
SE = 7.9/√20 = 1.766
检验统计量
t = 5.12/1.766 = 2.898
答案
t = 2.898
df = 19 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.093;|t| 更大,所以拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: U = 46.54
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。