描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (103.2 − 100)/8 = 0.4
答案
z = 0.4
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 1.4
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
误差范围之比
E₂/E₁ = (2.576/2.576)·√(64/576) = 0.3333
新的误差范围
E₂ = 4.2·0.3333 = 1.4
答案
E₂ = 1.4
6.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 1.909 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (5·7.5² + 9·9²)/14 = 72.16
sp = 8.495
误差范围
E = 2.145·8.495·√(1/6 + 1/10) = 9.409
区间
−7.5 ± 9.409 → [−16.91, 1.909]
答案
上限 = 1.909 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = −2.808
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (8·4² + 16·6.5²)/24 = 33.5
sp = 5.788
标准误
SE = 5.788·√(1/9 + 1/17) = 2.386
检验统计量
t = (58.5 − 65.2)/2.386 = −2.808
答案
t = −2.808
df = 24 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.064;|t| 更大,所以拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: L = 48.99
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。