描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (470 − 500)/25 = −1.2
答案
z = −1.2
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 5.707
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
误差范围之比
E₂/E₁ = (1.96/2.576)·√(25/25) = 0.7609
新的误差范围
E₂ = 7.5·0.7609 = 5.707
答案
E₂ = 5.707
6.置信区间
答案: n = 1699
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (2.576·16/1)² = 1699
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 1699
答案
n = 1699
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 2.307
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (8·7.5² + 7·3.5²)/15 = 35.72
sp = 5.976
标准误
SE = 5.976·√(1/9 + 1/8) = 2.904
检验统计量
t = (42 − 35.3)/2.904 = 2.307
答案
t = 2.307
df = 15 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.131;|t| 更大,所以拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 284
检验的样本量:在水平 α 下的单侧 z 检验中,要以功效 1 − β 检测出真实偏移 δ,标准误必须满足 δ = (z_α + z_β)·σ/√n,所以 n = ((z_α + z_β)·σ/δ)²,向上取整。