描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 1.25
标准正态分布表
Φ(1.25) = 0.8944
P = 0.8944
答案
P = 0.8944
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 89.14
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 20, t = 2.086
误差范围
E = 2.086·8/√21 = 3.642
区间
85.5 ± 3.642 → [81.86, 89.14]
答案
上限 = 89.14
6.置信区间
答案: 下限 = −14.43 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (5·10² + 5·1²)/10 = 50.5
sp = 7.106
误差范围
E = 1.812·7.106·√(1/6 + 1/6) = 7.434
区间
−7 ± 7.434 → [−14.43, 0.4344]
答案
下限 = −14.43 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = −0.9
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。
标准误
SE = 20/√36 = 20/6 = 3.333
检验统计量
t = (197 − 200)/3.333 = −0.9
答案
t = −0.9
t0.025; df = 35 = 2.03
|t| < 2.03,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −3.085
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.