描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 1.5
标准正态分布表
Φ(1.5) = 0.9332
P = 1 − 0.9332 = 0.06681
答案
P = 0.06681
5.置信区间
答案: E = 0.6956 mmHg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
临界值
df = 9, t = 1.833
误差范围
E = 1.833·1.2/√10 = 0.6956
答案
E = 0.6956 mmHg
6.置信区间
答案: 下限 = −3.936 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (11·5² + 4·1.5²)/15 = 18.93
sp = 4.351
误差范围
E = 2.131·4.351·√(1/12 + 1/5) = 4.936
区间
1 ± 4.936 → [−3.936, 5.936]
答案
下限 = −3.936 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −1.893
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
差值的标准误
SE = √(18²/50 + 14²/100) = √8.44 = 2.905
检验统计量
z = (123 − 128.5)/2.905 = −1.893
答案
z = −1.893
|z| < 1.96,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 271
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。