描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −1.5
标准正态分布表
Φ(−1.5) = 0.06681
P = 0.06681
答案
P = 0.06681
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 1.489
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
误差范围之比
E₂/E₁ = (1.96/1.645)·√(64/256) = 0.5957
新的误差范围
E₂ = 2.5·0.5957 = 1.489
答案
E₂ = 1.489
6.置信区间
答案: n = 1830
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (1.645·26/1)² = 1829
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 1830
答案
n = 1830
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: p = 0.1003
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
检验统计量
SE = σ/√n = 40/√100 = 4
z = (125.12 − 120)/4 = 1.28
尾部面积
Φ(1.28) = 0.8997
1 − Φ(1.28) = 0.1003
p 值
p = 0.1003
答案
p = 0.1003
p > 0.05,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 683
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。