描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 2
标准正态分布表
Φ(2) = 0.9772
P = 1 − 0.9772 = 0.02275
答案
P = 0.02275
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 2.65
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
误差范围之比
E₂/E₁ = (1.96/1.96)·√(25/100) = 0.5
新的误差范围
E₂ = 5.3·0.5 = 2.65
答案
E₂ = 2.65
6.置信区间
答案: n = 68
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
解出 n
n = (2.576·8/2.5)² = 67.95
向上取整
样本量是整数,向下取整会使误差范围过大。
n = 68
答案
n = 68
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: p = 0.009642
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
检验统计量
SE = σ/√n = 15/√100 = 1.5
z = (96.49 − 100)/1.5 = −2.34
尾部面积
Φ(2.34) = 0.9904
1 − Φ(2.34) = 0.0096
p 值
p = 0.009642
答案
p = 0.009642
p ≤ 0.05,所以在 5% 水平下拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: L = 194.9
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。