描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (88 − 100)/8 = −1.5
答案
z = −1.5
5.置信区间
答案: E₂ = 9.736
Confidence interval for a mean: x̄ ± margin of error. With a known population σ the margin is z·σ/√n; with only the sample standard deviation s, use t with n − 1 degrees of freedom: t·s/√n. Critical values: z = 1.645 (90%), 1.96 (95%), 2.576 (99%). To get a margin E or smaller, you need n ≥ (z·σ/E)², rounded up.
误差范围之比
E₂/E₁ = (1.645/1.96)·√(36/36) = 0.8393
新的误差范围
E₂ = 11.6·0.8393 = 9.736
答案
E₂ = 9.736
6.置信区间
答案: 下限 = −2.633 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (13·3.5² + 7·7²)/20 = 25.11
sp = 5.011
误差范围
E = 2.086·5.011·√(1/14 + 1/8) = 4.633
区间
2 ± 4.633 → [−2.633, 6.633]
答案
下限 = −2.633 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = −1.387
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。
标准误
SE = 15/√16 = 15/4 = 3.75
检验统计量
t = (194.8 − 200)/3.75 = −1.387
答案
t = −1.387
t0.025; df = 15 = 2.131
|t| < 2.131,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: U = 49.92
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。