描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = −1
标准正态分布表
Φ(−1) = 0.1587
P = 0.1587
答案
P = 0.1587
5.置信区间
答案: 下限 = 103.2
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 11, t = 3.106
误差范围
E = 3.106·6.5/√12 = 5.828
区间
109 ± 5.828 → [103.2, 114.8]
答案
下限 = 103.2
6.置信区间
答案: 上限 = −2.773 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (16·8.5² + 8·4.5²)/24 = 54.92
sp = 7.411
误差范围
E = 1.711·7.411·√(1/17 + 1/9) = 5.227
区间
−8 ± 5.227 → [−13.23, −2.773]
答案
上限 = −2.773 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = −1.112
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
合并方差
sp² = (9·7.5² + 6·6.5²)/15 = 50.65
sp = 7.117
标准误
SE = 7.117·√(1/10 + 1/7) = 3.507
检验统计量
t = (117.5 − 121.4)/3.507 = −1.112
答案
t = −1.112
df = 15 时,双侧 5% 的临界值为 2.131;|t| 更小,所以不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 56
检验的样本量:在水平 α 下的单侧 z 检验中,要以功效 1 − β 检测出真实偏移 δ,标准误必须满足 δ = (z_α + z_β)·σ/√n,所以 n = ((z_α + z_β)·σ/δ)²,向上取整。