描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (130 − 170)/20 = −2
答案
z = −2
5.置信区间
答案: E = 3.456 h
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
点估计
x̄₁ − x̄₂ = 75.5 − 81 = −5.5
标准误
SE = √(6²/60 + 6²/30) = 1.342
误差范围
E = 2.576·1.342 = 3.456
答案
E = 3.456 h
区间不包含 0,所以两个均值有显著差异。
6.置信区间
答案: E = 3.614 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (14·1.5² + 5·6.5²)/19 = 12.78
sp = 3.574
误差范围
E = 2.093·3.574·√(1/15 + 1/6) = 3.614
答案
E = 3.614 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 1.688
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。
标准误
SE = 8/√81 = 8/9 = 0.8889
检验统计量
t = (501.5 − 500)/0.8889 = 1.688
答案
t = 1.688
t0.025; df = 80 = 1.99
|t| < 1.99,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = 2.019
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.