描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = (440 − 500)/40 = −1.5
答案
z = −1.5
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 37.34
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 10, t = 3.169
误差范围
E = 3.169·3.5/√11 = 3.344
区间
34 ± 3.344 → [30.66, 37.34]
答案
上限 = 37.34
6.置信区间
答案: n = 2655
Confidence interval for a proportion: p̂ ± z·√(p̂(1 − p̂)/n), where p̂ = x/n. To reach a margin E you need n ≥ z²·p(1 − p)/E², rounded up; without a prior estimate use p = 0.5, which gives the largest n.
解出 n
n = 2.576²·0.5·0.5/0.025² = 2654
向上取整
n = 2655
答案
n = 2655
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −1.688
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
差值的标准误
SE = √(10²/100 + 18²/30) = √11.8 = 3.435
检验统计量
z = (124 − 129.8)/3.435 = −1.688
答案
z = −1.688
|z| < 1.96,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = −1.228
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.