描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 2
标准正态分布表
Φ(2) = 0.9772
P = 0.9772
答案
P = 0.9772
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 25.32
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 20, t = 1.725
误差范围
E = 1.725·7.5/√21 = 2.823
区间
22.5 ± 2.823 → [19.68, 25.32]
答案
上限 = 25.32
6.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 6.409 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (5·7.5² + 9·9²)/14 = 72.16
sp = 8.495
误差范围
E = 2.145·8.495·√(1/6 + 1/10) = 9.409
区间
−3 ± 9.409 → [−12.41, 6.409]
答案
上限 = 6.409 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: p = 0.0778
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.
检验统计量
SE = σ/√n = 10/√100 = 1
z = (78.58 − 80)/1 = −1.42
尾部面积
Φ(1.42) = 0.9222
1 − Φ(1.42) = 0.0778
p 值
p = 0.0778
答案
p = 0.0778
p > 0.05,所以在 5% 水平下不拒绝 H₀。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = 2.52
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.