描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 2
标准正态分布表
Φ(2) = 0.9772
P = 0.9772
答案
P = 0.9772
5.置信区间
答案: 上限 = −4.13 h
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
点估计
x̄₁ − x̄₂ = 64 − 72 = −8
标准误
SE = √(4²/30 + 20²/80) = 2.352
误差范围
E = 1.645·2.352 = 3.87
区间
−8 ± 3.87 → [−11.87, −4.13]
答案
上限 = −4.13 h
区间不包含 0,所以两个均值有显著差异。
6.置信区间
答案: E = 5.873 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (10·4.5² + 5·9.5²)/15 = 43.58
sp = 6.602
误差范围
E = 1.753·6.602·√(1/11 + 1/6) = 5.873
答案
E = 5.873 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 2.4
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。
标准误
SE = 10/√64 = 10/8 = 1.25
检验统计量
t = (123 − 120)/1.25 = 2.4
答案
t = 2.4
t0.025; df = 63 = 1.998
|t| > 1.998,所以在 5% 水平下拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: n = 121
检验的样本量:在水平 α 下的单侧 z 检验中,要以功效 1 − β 检测出真实偏移 δ,标准误必须满足 δ = (z_α + z_β)·σ/√n,所以 n = ((z_α + z_β)·σ/δ)²,向上取整。