描述统计:平均数是总和除以 n;中位数是排序后数据的中间值(n 为偶数时取中间两个数的平均)。样本标准差 s = √(Σ(x − x̄)²/(n − 1))。z 分数 z = (x − μ)/σ 表示某个值离平均数多少个标准差。
标准化
z = 0.6
标准正态分布表
Φ(0.6) = 0.7257
P = 1 − 0.7257 = 0.2743
答案
P = 0.2743
5.置信区间
答案: E = 1.008
均值的置信区间:x̄ ± 误差范围。总体 σ 已知时,误差范围为 z·σ/√n;只有样本标准差 s 时,用自由度为 n − 1 的 t:t·s/√n。临界值:z = 1.645(90%)、1.96(95%)、2.576(99%)。要使误差范围不超过 E,需要 n ≥ (z·σ/E)²,并向上取整。
临界值
df = n − 1 = 10, t = 2.228
误差范围
E = 2.228·1.5/√11 = 1.008
答案
E = 1.008
6.置信区间
答案: 上限 = 6.214 kg
Interval for a difference: estimate ± critical value × standard error. For two independent means with known σ: SE = √(σ₁²/n₁ + σ₂²/n₂) and z. With equal unknown variances: pooled s_p and t with n₁ + n₂ − 2 degrees of freedom. For paired data, work with the differences: d̄ ± t·s_d/√n.
合并标准差
sp² = (6·2.5² + 4·9.5²)/10 = 39.85
sp = 6.313
误差范围
E = 3.169·6.313·√(1/7 + 1/5) = 11.71
区间
−5.5 ± 11.71 → [−17.21, 6.214]
答案
上限 = 6.214 kg
7.假设检验与置信区间
答案: t = 2.34
均值检验:检验统计量衡量样本均值离 H₀ 所声称的值有多少个标准误:σ 已知时 z = (x̄ − μ₀)/(σ/√n),由样本估计时 t = (x̄ − μ₀)/(s/√n)。置信区间为 x̄ ±(临界值)·(标准误)。
标准误
SE = 5/√81 = 5/9 = 0.5556
检验统计量
t = (201.3 − 200)/0.5556 = 2.34
答案
t = 2.34
t0.025; df = 80 = 1.99
|t| > 1.99,所以在 5% 水平下拒绝 H₀(双侧)。
8.假设检验与置信区间
答案: z = 0.6276
Hypothesis test: the test statistic = (estimate − value under H₀)/(standard error under H₀). The p-value is the probability, assuming H₀ is true, of a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed: the area in one tail for a one-sided H₁, twice the tail area for a two-sided H₁. Reject H₀ when p ≤ α.