热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
各层热阻
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (200/1000)/(0.17·10) = 0.1176 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (150/1000)/(0.04·10) = 0.375 K/W
热流量
Q̇ = (T1 − T3)/(R1 + R2) = 26/0.4926 = 52.78 W
答案
Q̇ = 52.78 W
2.热传导
答案: U = 1.661 W/(m²·K)
热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(10·6) = 0.01667 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (250/1000)/(0.96·6) = 0.0434 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (150/1000)/(0.72·6) = 0.03472 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(30·6) = 0.005556 K/W
ΣR = 0.1003 K/W
总传热系数
U = 1/(A·ΣR) = 1/(6·0.1003) = 1.661 W/(m²·K)
答案
U = 1.661 W/(m²·K)
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: U = 1341 W/(m²·K)
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.