热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
各层热阻
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (250/1000)/(0.72·8) = 0.0434 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(0.035·8) = 0.08929 K/W
热流量
Q̇ = (T1 − T3)/(R1 + R2) = 35/0.1327 = 263.8 W
交界面温度
第一层中温度下降 Q̇·R₁。
Ti = T1 − Q̇·R1 = 25 − 263.8·0.0434 = 13.55 °C
答案
Ti = 13.55 °C
2.热传导
答案: Q̇ = 59.66 W
热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(6·6) = 0.02778 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (50/1000)/(0.035·6) = 0.2381 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (75/1000)/(0.04·6) = 0.3125 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(20·6) = 0.008333 K/W
ΣR = 0.5867 K/W
热损失
Q̇ = (20 − (-15))/0.5867 = 59.66 W
答案
Q̇ = 59.66 W
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: A = 9.545 m²
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.