热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(10·4) = 0.025 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (50/1000)/(0.035·4) = 0.3571 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (50/1000)/(0.17·4) = 0.07353 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(25·4) = 0.01 K/W
ΣR = 0.4657 K/W
热损失
Q̇ = (21 − (-4))/0.4657 = 53.69 W
Ts = Troom − Q̇·Ri = 21 − 53.69·0.025 = 19.66 °C
答案
Ts = 19.66 °C
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: U = 628.3 W/(m²·K)
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.