热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
各层热阻
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (250/1000)/(0.17·10) = 0.1471 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(1.4·10) = 0.001786 K/W
热流量
Q̇ = (T1 − T3)/(R1 + R2) = 26/0.1488 = 174.7 W
交界面温度
第一层中温度下降 Q̇·R₁。
Ti = T1 − Q̇·R1 = 20 − 174.7·0.1471 = −5.688 °C
答案
Ti = −5.688 °C
2.热传导
答案: U = 0.9099 W/(m²·K)
热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(7.7·8) = 0.01623 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (50/1000)/(0.17·8) = 0.03676 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(0.04·8) = 0.07813 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(20·8) = 0.00625 K/W
ΣR = 0.1374 K/W
总传热系数
U = 1/(A·ΣR) = 1/(8·0.1374) = 0.9099 W/(m²·K)
答案
U = 0.9099 W/(m²·K)
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: U = 204 W/(m²·K)
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.