热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
各层热阻
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (200/1000)/(0.035·4) = 1.429 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(0.04·4) = 0.1563 K/W
热流量
Q̇ = (T1 − T3)/(R1 + R2) = 38/1.585 = 23.98 W
交界面温度
第一层中温度下降 Q̇·R₁。
Ti = T1 − Q̇·R1 = 23 − 23.98·1.429 = −11.25 °C
答案
Ti = −11.25 °C
2.热传导
答案: Q̇ = 210.2 W
热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(10·8) = 0.0125 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (50/1000)/(0.17·8) = 0.03676 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(0.035·8) = 0.08929 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(30·8) = 0.004167 K/W
ΣR = 0.1427 K/W
热损失
Q̇ = (20 − (-10))/0.1427 = 210.2 W
答案
Q̇ = 210.2 W
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: U = 963 W/(m²·K)
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.