热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
各层热阻
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (200/1000)/(0.17·4) = 0.2941 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (75/1000)/(0.96·4) = 0.01953 K/W
热流量
Q̇ = (T1 − T3)/(R1 + R2) = 24/0.3136 = 76.52 W
答案
Q̇ = 76.52 W
2.热传导
答案: U = 0.1703 W/(m²·K)
热阻:通过串联各层的稳态热流类似于通过串联电阻的电流:Q̇ = ΔT/ΣR,导热层 R = L/(kA),对流表面 R = 1/(hA)。各层的温降与其热阻成正比。
串联热阻
Ri = 1/(hiA) = 1/(10·15) = 0.006667 K/W
R1 = L1/(k1A) = (200/1000)/(0.035·15) = 0.381 K/W
R2 = L2/(k2A) = (25/1000)/(1.4·15) = 0.00119 K/W
Ro = 1/(hoA) = 1/(25·15) = 0.002667 K/W
ΣR = 0.3915 K/W
总传热系数
U = 1/(A·ΣR) = 1/(15·0.3915) = 0.1703 W/(m²·K)
答案
U = 0.1703 W/(m²·K)
3.换热器 (LMTD)
答案: A = 0.4058 m²
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.