Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积等于零
a·b = (−3)·k + (−4)·6 + 0·1 = 0
−24 + (−3)·k = 0
解出 k
k = −(−24)/(−3) = −8
答案
k = −8
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: (a × b)z = 2
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
叉积,逐个分量计算
(a × b)x = aybz − azby = 2·(−2) − 2·2 = −8
(a × b)y = azbx − axbz = 2·5 − 6·(−2) = 22
(a × b)z = axby − aybx = 6·2 − 2·5 = 2
所求分量
(a × b)z = 2
答案
(a × b)z = 2
检验:a × b 与两个向量都垂直,所以它与 a 和与 b 的点积都为零。
3.梁的支座反力
答案: RA = 140 kN
悬臂梁的平衡:固定端既能向上支承,也能阻止转动,所以它提供竖向反力 RA 和反力矩 MA。由 ΣFy = 0 得 RA,对墙取矩得 MA = Σ(荷载 × 到墙的距离)。分布荷载以其合力作用在荷载图的形心处。