Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积
a·b = 1·0 + (−1)·5 + (−3)·(−4) = 7
模
|a| = √(1² + (−1)² + (−3)²) = 3.317
|b| = √(0² + 5² + (−4)²) = 6.403
相角
cos θ = 7/(3.317·6.403) = 0.3296
θ = arccos(0.3296) = 70.75°
答案
θ = 70.75°
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: |M| = 235.8 N·m
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
从 O 到 A 的位置向量
r = A − O = (−2, −3, 1) − (0, 0, 0) = (−2, −3, 1) m