Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积
a·b = (−3)·3 + 1·6 + 5·4 = 17
模
|a| = √((−3)² + 1² + 5²) = 5.916
|b| = √(3² + 6² + 4²) = 7.81
相角
cos θ = 17/(5.916·7.81) = 0.3679
θ = arccos(0.3679) = 68.41°
答案
θ = 68.41°
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: A = 49.48
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
叉积
(a × b)x = aybz − azby = (−6)·(−6) − (−3)·0 = 36
(a × b)y = azbx − axbz = (−3)·4 − (−2)·(−6) = −24
(a × b)z = axby − aybx = (−2)·0 − (−6)·4 = 24
面积
A = |a × b| = √(36² + (−24)² + 24²) = 49.48
答案
A = 49.48
3.梁的支座反力
答案: MA = 46.25 kN·m
悬臂梁的平衡:固定端既能向上支承,也能阻止转动,所以它提供竖向反力 RA 和反力矩 MA。由 ΣFy = 0 得 RA,对墙取矩得 MA = Σ(荷载 × 到墙的距离)。分布荷载以其合力作用在荷载图的形心处。