Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
点积等于零
a·b = 5·(−2) + (−4)·4 + (−6)·k = 0
−26 + (−6)·k = 0
解出 k
k = −(−26)/(−6) = −4.333
答案
k = −4.333
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: V = 88
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.
叉积 b × c
(b × c)x = bycz − bzcy = (−2)·2 − 0·(−3) = −4
(b × c)y = bzcx − bxcz = 0·(−4) − 4·2 = −8
(b × c)z = bxcy − bycx = 4·(−3) − (−2)·(−4) = −20
与 a 的点积
a·(b × c) = 1·(−4) + 3·(−8) + 3·(−20) = −88
V = |−88| = 88
答案
V = 88
3.梁的支座反力
答案: MA = 528.5 kN·m
悬臂梁的平衡:固定端既能向上支承,也能阻止转动,所以它提供竖向反力 RA 和反力矩 MA。由 ΣFy = 0 得 RA,对墙取矩得 MA = Σ(荷载 × 到墙的距离)。分布荷载以其合力作用在荷载图的形心处。