Dot product:a·b = axbx + ayby + azbz = |a|·|b|·cos θ, a scalar. It gives the angle between two vectors, cos θ = a·b/(|a|·|b|), and it is zero when they are perpendicular. The scalar projection of a onto b is a·b/|b|, and a constant force F moving through a displacement d does work W = F·d.
位移
d = B − A = (5, −5, 3) − (4, −3, 4) = (1, −2, −1) m
功
W = F·d = 15·1 + 15·(−2) + 15·(−1) = −30 J
答案
W = −30 J
负功:力主要与运动方向相反。
2.向量:点积和叉积
答案: n̂y = −0.06312
Cross product:a × b = (aybz − azby, azbx − axbz, axby − aybx) is perpendicular to both vectors, and |a × b| = |a|·|b|·sin θ is the area of the parallelogram they span (the triangle has half of it). Order matters: b × a = −(a × b). The moment of a force F applied at point A about point O is MO = r × F, with r = A − O.