内外科护理：心血管与呼吸练习卷（附答案）

什么是经鼻高流量氧疗？

1. A通过紧贴的全面罩连接呼吸机给氧
2. B通过鼻塞输送加温加湿的氧气，流量最高约 60 L/min
3. C通过带储氧袋的面罩以 15 L/min 给氧
4. D通过标准鼻塞给予干燥氧气，流量 1–4 L/min

服用华法林治疗心房颤动的患者，通常的 INR 目标范围是多少？

1. A4.0–5.0
2. B1.0–1.5
3. C0.5–1.0
4. D2.0–3.0

治疗心绞痛时，硝酸甘油（glyceryl trinitrate）喷雾或片剂应如何使用？

1. A用一杯水整片吞服
2. B舌下含服，患者取坐位
3. C饭后嚼碎吞下
4. D舌下含服，患者笔直站立

A patient choosing between a mechanical and a biological heart valve asks about the main difference. Which answer is accurate?

1. ABoth types need no medicines after surgery
2. BMechanical valves wear out within one year
3. CMechanical valves last longer but need lifelong anticoagulation
4. DBiological valves last longer but need lifelong warfarin

How is a patient usually positioned for a thoracentesis?

1. ALying on the affected side with the head down
2. BFlat on the back with the legs raised
3. CSitting upright and leaning forward over a table
4. DProne with the arms by the sides

A patient stops ramipril because of a troublesome dry cough. Which drug class is a common alternative?

1. AA loop diuretic such as furosemide
2. BAn angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
3. CA non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol
4. DA nitrate such as isosorbide mononitrate

Why is the cuff pressure of an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube checked regularly?

1. AToo high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
2. BThe cuff pressure sets the ventilator's breathing rate
3. CThe cuff pressure directly controls the patient's oxygen saturation
4. DThe cuff must be kept fully deflated in every ventilated patient

A patient with severe sepsis becomes increasingly breathless over 24 hours. SpO₂ stays low despite high-flow oxygen, and the chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. The heart function is normal. Which condition is most likely?

1. AAn acute asthma attack
2. BSpontaneous pneumothorax
3. CAcute respiratory distress syndrome
4. DAcute left ventricular failure after an MI