内外科护理：消化、围手术期与肿瘤练习卷（附答案）

Which statement describes moderate ("conscious") sedation?

1. AThe patient needs a ventilator to breathe
2. BThe patient is drowsy but responds to voice or light touch
3. CThe patient is fully alert and anxious
4. DThe patient cannot be roused by any stimulus, even a painful one

What is the main serious risk of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose?

1. AHearing loss
2. BLiver damage
3. CStomach bleeding
4. DRespiratory depression

什么是便血（haematochezia）？

1. A黑色、柏油样、恶臭的粪便
2. B从直肠排出的鲜红色血液
3. C呕出鲜红色血液
4. D咳出鲜红色的带血痰

Which intervention most reduces pressure ulcer risk in an immobile patient?

1. AMassaging red areas firmly at each turn to bring back the circulation
2. BKeeping the head of the bed raised at 90° all day
3. CRegular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
4. DUsing a doughnut-shaped ring cushion

一名肝硬化患者因肝性脑病服用乳果糖。通常的目标是什么？

1. A每天排两到三次软便
2. B每周一次硬便
3. C数天不排便
4. D每天十次或更多水样便

为什么缓释或肠溶片对回肠造口患者可能效果不佳？

1. A回肠造口的酶会破坏所有类型的口服药物
2. B造口把药物极快地吸收进血液
3. C回肠造口患者不能服用任何口服药物
4. D转运快，药物可能在释放前就已排出

A patient on immunotherapy for melanoma has six watery stools a day and abdominal cramps. What should the nurse do?

1. AAdvise eating more fibre and fruit to firm up the stools
2. BGive loperamide and review next week
3. CReassure that diarrhoea is normal and harmless
4. DEscalate urgently, as immune-related colitis is likely

After forearm fracture surgery, a patient has severe pain not eased by opioids, made worse by passively moving the fingers. What should the nurse do?

1. ALoosen any tight dressing, keep the arm at heart level and escalate
2. BApply ice and a tighter bandage to reduce the swelling
3. CReassure the patient that this pain is expected
4. DRaise the arm as high as possible and give a further dose of opioid