内外科护理：消化、围手术期与肿瘤练习卷（附答案）

Which tool helps assess pain in a person with advanced dementia who cannot report it?

1. AAn observational scale such as PAINAD or Abbey
2. BA numerical rating scale from 0 to 10, read out slowly
3. CThe Glasgow Coma Scale, scored every hour
4. DThe MUST nutrition score

What is portal hypertension?

1. ARaised pressure in the lungs from heart failure
2. BHigh pressure inside the skull
3. CRaised pressure in the portal venous system to the liver
4. DHigh blood pressure in the arteries of the arms and legs

患者通常如何描述神经病理性疼痛？

1. A一阵阵袭来的痉挛性疼痛
2. B仅在按压该区域时的搏动性疼痛
3. C烧灼样、射击样或像电击
4. D活动时加重的钝痛

Which intervention most reduces pressure ulcer risk in an immobile patient?

1. AKeeping the head of the bed raised at 90° all day
2. BRegular repositioning and a pressure-redistributing mattress
3. CUsing a doughnut-shaped ring cushion
4. DMassaging red areas firmly at each turn to bring back the circulation

严重急性胰腺炎时可能出现哪种电解质问题？

1. A高钾血症
2. B低钙血症
3. C高钙血症
4. D高钠血症

限钠和螺内酯在肝硬化中起什么作用？

1. A增加钾丢失并预防高钾血症
2. B降低血氨并治疗脑病
3. C升高血压并改善肾血流
4. D减少钠水潴留并控制腹水

Using the adult rule of nines, what is the total burn area of the whole right arm plus the whole front of the trunk (both with partial-thickness burns)?

1. A18%
2. B27%
3. C36%
4. D45%

Why is an SGLT2 inhibitor such as dapagliflozin usually withheld before surgery?

1. AIt makes the patient's potassium dangerously high
2. BIt causes the surgical wound to bleed more
3. CIt interacts with all general anaesthetic gases and stops them working
4. DIt raises the risk of ketoacidosis, even with near-normal glucose