内外科护理：神经、内分泌与肾脏练习卷（附答案）

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

1. AUric acid
2. BCalcium oxalate
3. CStruvite
4. DCystine

为什么许多慢性肾脏病患者会发生贫血？

1. A肾脏破坏红细胞
2. B透析会从血液中清除铁
3. C肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少
4. D每天都有血液随尿丢失

Which ECG change is typical of hyperkalaemia?

1. AA shortened PR interval
2. BTall, peaked T waves
3. CFlattened T waves
4. DProminent U waves

Several hours after a carotid endarterectomy, which finding needs the most urgent action?

1. AA blood pressure slightly above the baseline
2. BMild pain at the incision site
3. CA small amount of dried blood on the dressing
4. DAn expanding neck swelling with noisy breathing

A bladder scan straight after voiding shows 450 mL of urine still in the bladder. What does this show?

1. AThe kidneys are making too little urine
2. BThe patient has drunk too little fluid
3. CThe bladder is not emptying properly
4. DThe patient is passing urine normally

哪种电解质模式是 Addison 病的典型表现？

1. A高钠低钾
2. B高钙低磷
3. C低钾低糖
4. D低钠高钾

A patient with AKI has a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. What does this suggest?

1. ADiabetes insipidus, with too little ADH
2. BA pre-renal cause, with kidneys holding salt and water
3. CA post-renal blockage, with urine backed up
4. DAcute tubular necrosis, with damaged and leaking tubules

A patient with type 1 diabetes is vomiting at home. Their glucose is 12 mmol/L (216 mg/dL), and blood ketones are 3.5 mmol/L. What advice is correct?

1. AStop insulin until the vomiting has settled
2. BWait until the glucose is above 20 mmol/L (360 mg/dL)
3. CSeek urgent hospital assessment for possible DKA
4. DDrink less fluid to stop the vomiting