内外科护理：神经、内分泌与肾脏练习卷（附答案）

What is an arteriovenous fistula?

1. AA blood clot that blocks an artery in the arm
2. BA catheter placed into the abdominal cavity
3. CA surgical join between an artery and a vein
4. DA plastic tube placed in a large neck vein

Where should a urinary catheter drainage bag be kept?

1. AAbove the bladder so urine flows faster
2. BBelow the level of the bladder and off the floor
3. COn the floor under the bed, out of the way
4. DOn the bed next to the patient's pillow

How is the headache of a subarachnoid haemorrhage typically described?

1. AA tight band around the head that comes and goes
2. BSudden and severe, reaching its peak within about a minute
3. CSlowly worsening over several weeks, worst in the morning
4. DOne-sided and throbbing, with an aura beforehand

Which statement about giving IV potassium is correct?

1. AIt can be given quickly as a push to correct the level fast
2. BIt is diluted and given through an infusion pump, never as a bolus
3. CIt is safest given through a small vein in the hand at a fast rate
4. DIt needs no monitoring at all once the infusion is running

Why is levodopa combined with carbidopa (or benserazide)?

1. ATo prevent tolerance from developing to levodopa over time
2. BTo add a separate effect that reduces the resting tremor directly
3. CTo make levodopa cross into the brain more slowly and evenly
4. DTo stop levodopa being converted to dopamine outside the brain

A patient with type 1 diabetes has gastroenteritis and cannot eat. Which sick-day advice is correct?

1. ACheck glucose once a day only and rest in bed until better
2. BAvoid drinking fluids to reduce the vomiting
3. CStop all insulin until normal eating restarts
4. DKeep taking basal insulin and check glucose and ketones more often

一名患者的慢性低钠血症在 24 小时内从 115 纠正到 132 mmol/L。两天后他们出现言语含糊、吞咽困难和肢体无力。最可能的原因是什么？

1. A渗透性脱髓鞘综合征
2. B低钠血症的正常恢复
3. C与血钠无关的新发卒中
4. D摄入不足引起的低血糖

A patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome has a blood pressure that swings between 80/50 and 190/100 mmHg and a heart rate that changes suddenly. What does this suggest?

1. AA faulty blood pressure cuff that should be replaced and the readings ignored
2. BAutonomic dysfunction, which needs continuous cardiac monitoring
3. CAnxiety that will settle with reassurance alone
4. DA drug reaction that means all medicines must stop