内外科护理：神经、内分泌与肾脏练习卷（附答案）

What is the most common cause of dementia?

1. AMultiple sclerosis
2. BHuntington's disease
3. CAlzheimer's disease
4. DParkinson's disease

What is the main cause of the movement problems in Parkinson's disease?

1. AAntibodies that attack acetylcholine receptors in muscle
2. BLoss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra
3. CLoss of the myelin sheath around nerves in the brain and spinal cord
4. DToo much dopamine released in the basal ganglia

What is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer?

1. ASmoking
2. BA diet high in fruit
3. CFrequent urinary infections in childhood
4. DDrinking a lot of water

A patient with Addison's disease takes fludrocortisone as well as hydrocortisone. Why?

1. ATo treat a low thyroid hormone level
2. BTo replace the missing adrenaline
3. CTo replace the missing aldosterone
4. DTo lower the blood pressure

为什么脊髓损伤后常教患者间歇性自我导尿？

1. A主要用于准确测量尿量
2. B它训练膀胱随时间逐渐变大
3. C膀胱可能无法排空，定期排空可保护肾脏
4. D它完全消除尿路感染的风险

Which action is part of an effective bowel programme after a spinal cord injury?

1. ARestricting fluids to reduce the volume of stool
2. BAvoiding fibre to prevent bloating
3. CUsing strong laxatives only when the bowel has not opened for a week
4. DA routine at the same time each day, often after a meal

A patient is being assessed for brain death (brainstem death). Which condition must be excluded before testing?

1. AA previous episode of migraine
2. BEffects of sedative drugs or severe hypothermia
3. CA haemoglobin of 110 g/L (11 g/dL)
4. DA history of high blood pressure

A patient with long-standing diabetes suddenly has many new floaters and painless loss of vision in one eye. What is most likely, and what is needed?

1. AA migraine aura, needing pain relief
2. BDry eyes, needing lubricating drops
3. CNormal ageing of the lens, needing new glasses
4. DA bleed into the eye from retinopathy, needing urgent review