内外科护理：神经、内分泌与肾脏练习卷（附答案）

Which symptoms are typical of a prolactinoma in a woman?

1. AVery dark skin creases and a craving for salt
2. BWeight loss with heat intolerance and a fine tremor
3. CMilky nipple discharge and irregular periods
4. DKidney stones, bone pain and constipation

下列哪项是急性肾损伤常见的肾前性原因？

1. A脱水或低血压
2. B肾结石阻塞双侧输尿管
3. C前列腺增大阻塞尿液流出
4. D庆大霉素对肾小管的损害

How does glucagon raise blood glucose?

1. AIt stops the kidneys losing glucose in urine
2. BIt adds glucose directly into the bloodstream
3. CIt makes the liver release stored glucose
4. DIt blocks the absorption of glucose in muscle

A patient on ciclosporin or tacrolimus asks about grapefruit juice. Which advice is correct?

1. AIt has no effect on these drugs
2. BDrink it with each dose to improve the absorption
3. CDrink it daily to protect the kidney
4. DAvoid it, because it can raise the drug levels

急性肾损伤（KDIGO）的哪项标准与尿量有关？

1. A低于 0.5 mL/kg/h，持续 6 小时或更长
2. B尿液颜色发生任何变化
3. C低于 2 mL/kg/h，持续 1 小时
4. D24 小时内少于 1 L，无论摄入量如何

关于高渗高血糖状态（HHS），下列哪项说法正确？

1. A数分钟内发生，比 DKA 危险性小
2. B主要影响老年 2 型糖尿病患者，数天内发展
3. C主要见于 1 型糖尿病幼儿
4. D总是引起血酮升高和严重代谢性酸中毒

The night after hip surgery, an 84-year-old becomes suddenly confused and tries to pull out their IV line. What is the most appropriate first step?

1. ATell the family that this is the start of dementia
2. BLook for causes such as low oxygen, pain, retention or infection
3. CApply wrist restraints to protect the IV line
4. DAsk for a strong sedative so that the patient can sleep

一名腹膜透析患者发现引流出的液体比灌入的少。他们已四天没有排便，流出液清亮。最可能的原因是什么？

1. A细菌性腹膜炎
2. B便秘阻碍了流出
3. C正常吸收，无需处理
4. D透析液温度过低