内外科护理：神经、内分泌与肾脏练习卷（附答案）

在有血液透析内瘘的手臂上，必须避免哪项操作？

1. A正常活动手臂
2. B轻轻触摸内瘘以感受震颤
3. C用肥皂和水清洗
4. D测血压袖带或抽血

什么是发作后期（postictal phase）？

1. A强直–阵挛发作开始时的僵直阶段
2. B发作后的嗜睡和意识混乱阶段
3. C发作开始前的先兆感觉
4. D持续超过五分钟的发作

哪个腺体产生皮质醇？

1. A肾上腺髓质
2. B肾上腺皮质
3. C甲状腺
4. D垂体后叶

一名服用达格列净（一种 SGLT2 抑制剂）的患者呕吐，血酮 4.5 mmol/L，但血糖只有 11 mmol/L。应怀疑什么？

1. A高渗高血糖状态
2. B正常血糖性糖尿病酮症酸中毒
3. C不需要处理的正常副作用
4. D呕吐引起的低血糖

脑灌注压（CPP）如何计算？

1. A平均动脉压除以心率
2. B舒张压减去中心静脉压
3. C平均动脉压减去颅内压
4. D收缩压加颅内压

Why is IV calcium gluconate given in severe hyperkalaemia?

1. AIt moves potassium into the cells
2. BIt removes potassium through the kidneys
3. CIt protects the heart from arrhythmias
4. DIt binds potassium in the gut

A patient with untreated end-stage kidney disease has chest pain that is worse lying flat and better sitting forward. A rub is heard over the heart. What is most likely?

1. AA stable angina attack, which needs only a nitrate spray and rest
2. BIndigestion from phosphate binders
3. CA rib fracture from coughing
4. DUraemic pericarditis, which usually needs urgent dialysis

A patient with a new arm fistula says their hand on that side is cold, pale and painful, especially during dialysis. What is the concern?

1. AAn allergic reaction to the dressing on the arm
2. BNormal healing that needs no action
3. CSteal syndrome, which needs urgent review
4. DFluid overload in the arm