药理学练习卷（附答案）

哪种给药途径可以避免肝脏首过代谢？

1. A放在直肠高位的栓剂
2. B口服片剂
3. C静脉给药
4. D口服溶液

Epoetin alfa, often used in chronic kidney disease, stimulates the production of:

1. ARed blood cells
2. BWhite blood cells
3. CClotting factors
4. DPlatelets

Fluconazole is used to treat infections caused by:

1. AGram-negative bacteria
2. BParasites such as malaria
3. CFungi such as Candida
4. DViruses such as influenza

Why is a spacer recommended with a metered-dose inhaler?

1. AIt removes the need to shake the inhaler
2. BIt turns the inhaler into a nebuliser
3. CMore drug reaches the lungs and less stays in the mouth
4. DIt doubles the dose of drug released by each puff of the inhaler

一名患者有严重肾功能损害。某药物主要以原形经尿排泄。通常如何调整？

1. A无须调整，因为肝脏会接管
2. B减少剂量或延长给药间隔
3. C增加剂量以弥补吸收不良
4. D改静脉给药为口服给药

Which approach is usually recommended to prevent constipation in a patient on regular opioids?

1. ABulk-forming fibre alone, with fluid intake restricted
2. BA stimulant laxative such as senna, often with a stool softener
3. CNo laxative until the patient has not opened the bowels for a week
4. DAn antidiarrhoeal drug at night to slow the gut

Beta-lactam antibiotics show time-dependent killing. What does this mean for administration?

1. ADoses should be given on time at evenly spaced intervals
2. BA single very large daily dose works best
3. CDoses can be given at any time as long as the daily total is right
4. DDoses should be given only when the patient has a fever

为什么 ACE 抑制剂会使双侧肾动脉狭窄的患者发生急性肾损伤？

1. A肾小球滤过率依赖血管紧张素 II 收缩出球小动脉
2. BACE 抑制剂收缩入球小动脉
3. CACE 抑制剂对肾脏近端小管细胞有直接毒性
4. D药物在肾小管中结晶