在一台传热面积为 3 m²、U = 1500 W/(m²·K) 的冷凝器中,蒸汽在管外以恒定的 105 °C 冷凝。冷却水(1 kg/s,cp = 4.18 kJ/(kg·K))以 10 °C 进入管内。求水的出口温度 Tc,out。
Ts = 105 °CA = 3 m²U = 1500 W/(m²·K)ṁ = 1 kg/scp = 4.18 kJ/(kg·K)Tc,in = 10 °C
求: Tc,out (°C)
显示提示
- 出口温度未知,所以不能直接计算 LMTD。把 Q̇ = ṁcp(Tc,out − Tc,in) 与 Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm 联立。
- 由此得 ln((Ts − Tc,in)/(Ts − Tc,out)) = U·A/(ṁ·cp)。
- U·A/(ṁ·cp) = 1.077.
显示答案和分步解答
LMTD method: the temperature difference between the streams changes along the exchanger, so the rate equation uses its logarithmic mean: Q̇ = U·A·ΔTlm, with ΔTlm = (ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂), where ΔT₁ and ΔT₂ are the differences at the two ends. Counter-flow gives a larger ΔTlm than parallel flow for the same inlet and outlet temperatures.
联立能量平衡与传热方程
取 ΔT₁ = Ts − Tc,in,ΔT₂ = Ts − Tc,out,则 ΔT₁ − ΔT₂ 等于水的温升,所以温升被约去。
ṁcp(ΔT₁ − ΔT₂) = U·A·(ΔT₁ − ΔT₂)/ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂)
ln(ΔT₁/ΔT₂) = U·A/(ṁcp) = 1500·3/(1·4180) = 1.077
出口温度
ΔT₂ = ΔT₁·e−1.077 = 95·0.3408 = 32.37 K
Tc,out = 105 − 32.37 = 72.63 °C